Martina Fazio and Gary Harper
Throughout recessions, and certainly pandemics, housing costs often fall. But between March 2020 and December 2021 (‘the pandemic’), housing costs grew within the UK, reaching on the time their highest development charge in a decade. Throughout this pandemic, many extra individuals might do business from home, which doubtlessly influenced their housing decisions. In a latest Monetary Stability paper, we analyse how adjustments in peoples’ preferences might need performed into home value development. We discover that about half the expansion in housing costs was linked to shifts in preferences. This was principally as a result of an elevated premium paid for homes over flats, with adjustments in location preferences solely contributing marginally. However different interventions and macroeconomic elements additionally affected housing value development.
Adjustments within the UK housing market developments because the begin of the pandemic
To analyse developments within the housing markets throughout the pandemic, we study variations in development charges of housing costs throughout totally different areas of the UK, in addition to throughout several types of housing (comparable to flats versus indifferent, semi-detached or terraced homes).
First, housing costs continued to develop throughout all UK areas by the pandemic. However costs grew sooner in areas exterior London, particularly within the North of England, in addition to Wales and Scotland (Determine 1).
Determine 1: From the beginning of the pandemic to the tip of 2021, housing costs grew extra quickly within the North and West than within the South and London
Common 12-month housing value development from March 2020 to December 2021
Sources: ONS and authors’ calculations.
Costs of all housing varieties grew quickly after the pandemic began, however home costs grew extra rapidly than flat costs.
These developments will not be utterly new: greater development charges for the costs of homes moderately than flats, and in areas aside from London has been seen since round 2017 (Chart 1a and 1b). What’s extra, they’re unbiased: the slower development in London just isn’t merely the results of a better proportion of flats there.
Chart 1a and 1b: The upper housing value development exterior of London and for homes moderately than flats pre-dated the pandemic
12 months-on-year development charges of property costs throughout the UK, by areas and housing varieties
Sources: ONS and authors’ calculations.
Did family preferences for housing shift throughout the pandemic?
Throughout the pandemic, the media reported on a ‘race for house’ narrative, suggesting elevated demand for greater homes away from metropolis centres. To examine if this principle holds within the knowledge, we recreate a model of the Workplace for Nationwide Statistic’s Home Worth Index and compute what the expansion charge would have been if preferences remained the identical as pre-pandemic.
To do that, we mix three knowledge units giving us info on all housing transactions in England and Wales between 2010 and 2021, together with costs paid, detailed property traits, in addition to options of the Native Authority District the place every property is situated.
Following the ONS’s methodology, we run ‘hedonic regressions’ on every month of knowledge. These can be utilized to decompose the worth of a property into the worth households place on its observable traits, comparable to variety of rooms, flooring dimension, property sort (flat, terraced, semi or indifferent home), and whether or not the property is a brand new construct.
For instance, if we examine a flat and a indifferent home on the identical road with very related traits (variety of rooms, flooring dimension and so forth), the indifferent home often sells for extra as households sometimes worth homes extra extremely than flats. Equally, if confronted with two equivalent properties, however one occurs to be within the South of England and the opposite within the North, the property within the South sometimes sells for extra. The ‘race for house’ story means that the worth that’s sometimes attributed to sure traits, comparable to property sort, dimension and placement, could have modified throughout the pandemic.
We use the coefficients from every month-to-month regression, along with info on the related mixture of properties transacted to compute the worth of a ‘typical’ property offered in every month. From this we are able to derive an index and related development charge, each of which largely observe the ONS’s collection. However they’re extra unstable than the ONS’s, so we clean our collection (Chart 2).
Chart 2: The HPI and development charges produced by our mannequin broadly tracked these produced by the ONS
HPI and development charges produced by our evaluation in comparison with the ONS collection
Sources: Division for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, HM Land Registry, ONS and authors’ calculations.
Have been adjustments in housing choice throughout the pandemic related to fast value development?
In response to the ‘race for house’ narrative, households could have elevated their willingness to pay for homes exterior of busy metropolis centres as a substitute of flats in densely populated areas comparable to London. Additionally, a number of the development in housing costs in 2021 might have been mechanically pushed by adjustments within the sorts of properties households have been shopping for in 2020. It is because the ONS combine adjusts its calculation to bear in mind family shopping for habits, but it surely recalculates the combo yearly.
From our calculations, slightly below 50% of the fast housing value development throughout the pandemic is related to adjustments in shopping for habits, an elevated premium paid on homes over flats, and a discount within the low cost on properties exterior of London. We now have not discovered a transparent sample for any of the opposite housing traits in our mannequin, comparable to flooring dimension or variety of rooms. And whereas the premium paid on homes exterior of London elevated, we don’t discover a corresponding discount within the willingness to pay for studios in London, which remained roughly fixed all through the interval.
Moreover, the significance of the elements we management for diverse over the course of the pandemic (Chart 3). The elevated premium on homes relative to flats is an important and constant contributor, whereas the decreased low cost on properties exterior of London performed a smaller position and was solely positively correlated with development charges between January and August 2021. Exterior of this era, the low cost elevated barely on common throughout areas in comparison with pre-pandemic. Alongside these elements, adjustments in shopping for habits play a small however constant position all through the entire of 2021.
Chart 3: Our evaluation suggests an elevated premium for property varieties aside from flats performed an essential position
Impact of various elements on housing value development because the pandemic began
Sources: Division for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, HM Land Registry, ONS and authors’ calculations.
Different elements are more likely to have influenced housing value development throughout the pandemic
Throughout the pandemic, know-how made distant working possible in lots of sectors, so extra individuals might do business from home. This will likely have altered each the kind of housing that individuals search for and the entire quantity they have been keen to spend on housing in comparison with different items and companies. Our evaluation is particularly targeted on the previous and the way adjustments in households’ preferences could have an effect on development in housing costs. However different elements, some commonplace and a few pandemic-related, additionally affected housing value development on the similar time.
On the demand aspect, each the financial coverage surroundings and authorities assist to family earnings could have sustained housing demand. On the provision aspect, development got here to a halt in the beginning of the pandemic, which can have contributed to cost pressures, however this was short-lived. Whereas related, all these forces are likely to put uniform strain on housing costs, in a different way from the relative shifts in pricing throughout several types of property that we noticed within the pandemic.
Some pandemic-specific elements additionally affected the housing market, in ways in which might extra simply induce or mimic a shift in preferences. First, as a result of restricted prospects to spend on recreation, wealthier households specifically gathered ‘pressured’ financial savings, which they could have channelled into the housing market. Second, authorities interventions to scale back the speed of Stamp Obligation Land Tax immediately supported housing demand, with the most important financial savings accrued for transactions round £500,000. Each these elements are more likely to have supported the change in preferences we noticed.
We don’t assume the change in preferences will proceed to spice up housing value development ceaselessly
This work provides a brand new framework for analysing the position of adjustments in preferences for explaining housing value development. The actual shift we checked out may very well be transitory, if for instance the development for working from residence reverses, inflicting housing value development to unwind. However the shift is perhaps structural, for instance hybrid types of work could persist, wherein case we’d not anticipate value development to utterly unwind due to a reversal in preferences. That stated, we don’t anticipate continued upwards strain on housing costs from the shift in preferences both. The strain we noticed in all probability subsided as soon as households adjusted their housing decisions by shifting. In both case, different, extra conventional macroeconomic and enterprise cycle associated elements, alongside long-term provide aspect issues will proceed to drive housing costs properly past the consequences of the pandemic.
Martina Fazio and Gary Harper work within the Financial institution’s Monetary Technique and Threat Division.
If you wish to get in contact, please e-mail us at bankunderground@bankofengland.co.uk or depart a remark under.
Feedback will solely seem as soon as authorized by a moderator, and are solely revealed the place a full title is provided. Financial institution Underground is a weblog for Financial institution of England workers to share views that problem – or assist – prevailing coverage orthodoxies. The views expressed listed below are these of the authors, and will not be essentially these of the Financial institution of England, or its coverage committees.
Share the put up “Location, location, location? How UK housing preferences shifted throughout the pandemic”